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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Curzon Line</span></span>
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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Curzon Line</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Historical <a href="Demarcation_line" title="Demarcation line">demarcation line</a> of World War II</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Lighter blue line</i>: Curzon Line "B" as proposed in 1919. <br><i>Darker blue line</i>: "Curzon" Line "A" as drawn by <a href="Lewis_Namier" title="Lewis Namier">Lewis Namier</a> in 1919. <br><i>Pink areas</i>: <a href="Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Pre–World War II provinces</a> of <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> transferred to Poland after the war. <br><i>Grey area</i>: <a href="Kresy" title="Kresy">Pre–World War II Polish territory east of the Curzon Line</a> annexed by the Soviet Union after the war.</div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Curzon Line</b> was a proposed <a href="Demarcation_line" title="Demarcation line">demarcation line</a> between the <a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> and the <a href="Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Union</a>, two new states emerging after <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Based on a suggestion by Herbert James Paton, it was first proposed in 1919 by <a href="George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, the British <a href="Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a>, to the <a href="Supreme_War_Council" title="Supreme War Council">Supreme War Council</a> as a diplomatic basis for a future border agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarah_Meiklejohn_Terry_1983_121_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarah_Meiklejohn_Terry_1983_121-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leslie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The line became a major geopolitical factor during World War II, when the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> <a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded eastern Poland</a>, resulting in the split of Poland's territory between the USSR and <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> roughly along the Curzon Line in accordance with final rounds of secret negotiations surrounding the <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>. After the German attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the Allies did not agree that Poland's future eastern border should be changed from the pre-war status quo in 1939 until the <a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a>. Churchill's position changed after the Soviet victory at the <a href="Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following a private agreement at the Tehran Conference, confirmed at the 1945 <a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, the Allied leaders <a href="Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>, <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, and Stalin issued a statement affirming the use of the Curzon Line, with some five-to-eight-kilometre variations, as the eastern border between Poland and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Churchill proposed to annex parts of <a href="Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern Galicia</a>, including the city of <a href="Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, to Poland's territory (following Line B), Stalin argued that the Soviet Union could not demand less territory for itself than the British Government had reconfirmed previously several times. The Allied arrangement involved compensation for this loss via the incorporation of formerly German areas (the so-called <a href="Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a>) into Poland. As a result, the current border between <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the countries of <a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> is an approximation of the Curzon Line.
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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%;"><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_Poland" title="Territorial evolution of Poland">Territorial evolution of Poland</a><br>in the 20th century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="Revolution_in_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(1905%E2%80%931907)" title="Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)">Revolution in Congress Poland</a> (1905–1907)
<ul><li>Ostrowiec Republic</li>
<li>Zagłębie Republic</li></ul></li>
<li>Separation of <a href="Kholm_Governorate_(Russian_Empire)" title="Kholm Governorate (Russian Empire)">Kholm Governorate</a> from <a href="Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> and annexation into Russian <a href="Kiev_General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev General Governorate">Kiev General Governorate</a> (1913)</li>
<li><a href="Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a> by the Central Powers proclaiming <a href="Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1916)</li>
<li>Central Powers-<a href="Ukrainian_People's_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>/<a href="Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a> <a href="Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (1918)</li>
<li>Central Powers-Soviet Russia <a href="Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (1918)</li>
<li>Short-lived Byelorussian, Ukrainian and Rusyn republics (1917-1920): <a href="West_Ukrainian_People's_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic"> West Ukrainian People's</a> (later absorbed into Poland-allied <a href="Ukrainian_People's_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic"> Ukrainian People 's</a>), <a href="Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic</a>, <a href="Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko</a>, <a href="Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza</a></li>
<li>Local revolts and transient polities in postwar power vacuum (1918)
<ul><li><a href="Tarnobrzeg_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnobrzeg Republic">Tarnobrzeg Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Republic_of_Zakopane" title="Republic of Zakopane">Republic of Zakopane</a></li>
<li><a href="First_Republic_of_Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="First Republic of Pińczów">First Republic of Pińczów</a></li>
<li><a href="Witkowo" title="Witkowo">Witkowo</a> Revolt</li>
<li><a href="Republic_of_Ostr%C3%B3w" title="Republic of Ostrów">Republic of Ostrów</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Restoration of Polish independence</a> (1918) and ensuing wars to preserve it (1918-1922):
<ul><li><a href="Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish-West Ukrainian War</a></li>
<li><a href="Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">War of Polish-Ukrainian alliance</a> against <a href="Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet Russia</a> (1920-1921) and its satellites:
<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></li>
<li>short-lived <a href="Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician SSR</a> later merged into the former</li>
<li>short-lived <a href="Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia</a></li>
<li>attempted <a href="Polish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Polish Soviet Socialist Republic">Polish SSR</a> later dissolved and replaced with token <a href="Polish_National_District" title="Polish National District">Polish National Districts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Polish-Lithuanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian War">Polish-Lithuanian War</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> (1919)</li>
<li><a href="Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)</a></li>
<li><a href="Suwa%C5%82ki_Agreement" title="Suwałki Agreement">Suwałki Agreement</a> (1920)</li>
<li><a href="Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> (1920) with <a href="Ukrainian_People's_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="1920_East_Prussian_plebiscite" title="1920 East Prussian plebiscite">1920 East Prussian plebiscite</a> (1920)</li>
<li>Polish satellite states
<ul><li><a href="Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Republic of Central Lithuania</a> (1920-1922)</li>
<li><a href="Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> under <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> protection (1921-1939)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> (1921): eastern border of Poland accepted by <a href="Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> and its satellites (<a href="Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> which replaced <a href="Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">SSR of Lithuania and Belorussia</a>, and <a href="Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> which replaced <a href="Ukrainian_People's_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a>)</li>
<li>Incorporation of <a href="Republic_of_Central_Lithuania" title="Republic of Central Lithuania">Central Lithuania</a> (1922)</li>
<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Polish_Convention_regarding_Upper_Silesia" title="German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia">German–Polish Convention regarding Upper Silesia</a> (1922)</li>
<li><a href="Polish_National_District" title="Polish National District">Polish National Districts</a> of the Soviet Union (1925-1937)
<ul><li><a href="Marchlewszczyzna" title="Marchlewszczyzna">Marchlewszczyzna</a> (1925-1931)</li>
<li><a href="Dzier%C5%BCy%C5%84szczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzierżyńszczyzna">Dzierżyńszczyzna</a> (1932-1937)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and Polish annexation of <a href="Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> (1938)</li>
<li><a href="First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> and Polish annexation of parts of <a href="Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a> and <a href="Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a> (1938)</li>
<li><a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> (1939)
<ul><li>Secret <a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Boundary_and_Friendship_Treaty" title="German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty">German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="Administrative_division_of_Polish_territories_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II">Wartime administrative division</a></li>
<li><a href="Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Territories of Poland and Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li>
<li><a href="Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Polish areas annexed by USSR</a></li>
<li><a href="Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> and <a href="Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></li>
<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement</a> (1941)</li>
<li><a href="Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok District</a></li>
<li><a href="Sikorski%E2%80%93Mayski_agreement" title="Sikorski–Mayski agreement">Sikorski–Mayski agreement</a> (1941)</li>
<li>Transient Polish-controlled areas (1944)
<ul><li>Turgiele Republic</li>
<li>Iwonicz Republic</li>
<li><a href="Second_Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Pińczów Republic">Second Pińczów Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Allied conferences
<ul><li><a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li>
<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li>
<li><a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li>
<li><a href="Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> (1945)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> (1945)</li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_border_agreement_of_August_1945" title="Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945">Polish–Soviet border agreement</a> (1945)</li>
<li><a href="Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Treaty of Zgorzelec</a> (1950)</li>
<li><a href="1951_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_territorial_exchange" title="1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange">Polish-Soviet Border Adjustment Treaty</a> (1951)</li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts#Aftermath" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish-Czechoslovak Border Treaty</a> (1958)</li>
<li>Polish-East German Baltic Continental Shelf Delimitation Treaty (1968)</li>
<li><a href="Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw (1970)</a></li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_border_conflicts#Aftermath" title="Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts">Polish-Czechoslovak Border Adjustment</a> (1976)</li>
<li>Polish-East German Maritime Boundary in Pomeranian Bay Delimitation Treaty (1989)</li>
<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Polish Border Treaty (1990)">German-Polish Border Treaty</a> (1990)</li>
<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Treaty</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li>
<li><a href="Poland%E2%80%93Slovakia_border#2005_adjustment" title="Poland–Slovakia border">Poland–Slovakia Border Adjustment</a> (2005)</li>
<li>Polish-Danish Maritime Boundary Delimitation Agreement (2018)</li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;">
<ul><li>Remnants of Polish statehood during partitions:
<ul><li><a href="Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>/<a href="Vistula_Land" title="Vistula Land">Vistula Land</a></li>
<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria#Galician_autonomy" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galician autonomy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy Wschodnie</a> ("Eastern Borderlands")
<ul><li><a href="Western_Krai" title="Western Krai">Taken Lands</a> (remainder of Russian partition of Poland)
<ul><li><a href="Wile%C5%84szczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Wileńszczyzna">Wileńszczyzna</a></li>
<li><a href="Grodzie%C5%84szczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodzieńszczyzna">Grodzieńszczyzna</a></li>
<li><a href="Lw%C3%B3w_Land" title="Lwów Land">Lwów Land</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Areas of <a href="Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia and Lodomeria</a> east of river <a href="San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kresy_Zachodnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kresy Zachodnie">Kresy Zachodnie</a> ("Western Borderlands")
<ul><li>1815-1918 used as synonymous with entire Prussian partition of Poland</li>
<li>1918-1945 used in altered meaning
<ul><li>regions unsuccessfully claimed from Germany by interwar Poland, in particular <a href="Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, <a href="Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a>, <a href="Powi%C5%9Ble_(region)" title="Powiśle (region)">Powiśle</a>, <a href="Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a>, sometimes also <a href="Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a>, <a href="Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a> and easternmost <a href="Hither_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hither Pomerania">Hither Pomerania</a> (<a href="Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Lands of Schlawe and Stolp</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Trans-Olza" title="Trans-Olza">Zaolzie</a></li></ul></li>
<li>After 1945, the <a href="Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">former eastern territories of Germany</a> were called <a href="Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a>, while the term <i>Kresy Zachodnie</i> fell into disuse, though it was sometimes invoked to denote Polish claims to some East German territories such as <a href="Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Wolgast Pomerania</a>, <a href="Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Milsko</a>, <a href="Mi%C5%9Bnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miśnia">Miśnia</a> or <a href="Lausitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausitz">Lausitz</a>, raised typically only until early 1970s as counterclaims to retaliate for West German calls for revision of <a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Demarcation lines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)#Between_ceasefire_and_reunification" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland military demarcation line</a> (1919-1920)</li>
<li><a href="Trans-Olza#Decision_time_(1918–1920)" title="Trans-Olza">Cieszyn Silesia demarcation line</a> (1918-1920)</li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War#Demarcation_lines" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line</a> (1919-1920)</li>
<li> (1920)</li>
<li><a href="Silesian_Uprisings#Aftermath" title="Silesian Uprisings">Upper Silesia demarcation line</a> (1921-1922)</li>
<li><a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War#Aftermath" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian demarcation line</a> (1923-1938)</li>
<li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> (1945–1951)</li></ul></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adjacent countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:left;">
<ul><li><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution of Germany</a></li>
<li><a href="Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Territorial changes of the Baltic states</a></li>
<li><a href="Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Territorial evolution of Russia</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div>
<p>At the end of World War I, the <a href="Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> reclaimed its sovereignty following the disintegration of the occupying forces of three neighbouring empires. Imperial Russia was amid the <a href="Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> after the <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, <a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> split and went into decline, and the <a href="German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> bowed to pressure from the victorious forces of the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a>. The Allied victors agreed that an independent Polish state should be recreated from territories previously part of the Russian, the Austro-Hungarian and the German empires, after 123 years of <a href="Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">upheavals and military partitions</a> by them.<sup id="cite_ref-hp1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Supreme_War_Council" title="Supreme War Council">Supreme War Council</a> tasked the <a href="Commission_on_Polish_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Polish Affairs">Commission on Polish Affairs</a> with recommending Poland's eastern border, based on spoken language majority, which became later known as the Curzon Line.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their result was created December 8, 1919. The Allies forwarded it as an armistice line several times during the subsequent <a href="Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish-Soviet Wars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably in a note from the British government to the Soviets signed by <a href="George_Curzon%2C_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a>, the British <a href="Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a>. Both parties disregarded the line when the military situation lay in their favour, and it did not play a role in establishing the Polish–Soviet border in 1921. Instead, the final <a href="Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> (or Treaty of Riga) provided Poland with almost 135,000 square kilometres (52,000 sq mi) of land that was, on average, about 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of the Curzon Line.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3></div>
<p>The Northern half of the Curzon Line lay approximately along the border which was established between the <a href="Prussian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Kingdom">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and the Russian Empire in 1797, after the <a href="Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>, which was the last border recognised by the United Kingdom. Along most of its length, the line at least in principle was intended to follow a generally ethnic or ethnolinguistic boundary - areas West of the line generally contained an overall Polish majority while areas to its East less so- borderland areas were inhabited by <a href="Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, <a href="Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anna2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anna2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 1920 northern extension into <a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> divided the area disputed between Poland and Lithuania. There were two versions of the southern portion of the line: "A" and "B". Version "B" allocated <a href="Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a> (<i>Lviv</i>) to Poland.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_World_War_I">End of World War I</h2></div>
<p>The US President <a href="Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s <a href="Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> included the statement "An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea..." Article 87 of the <a href="Versailles_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Treaty">Versailles Treaty</a> stipulated that "The boundaries of Poland not laid down in the present Treaty will be subsequently determined by the Principal Allied and Associated Powers." In accordance with these declarations, the Supreme War Council tasked the Commission on Polish Affairs with proposing Poland's eastern boundaries in lands that were inhabited by a mixed population of Poles, Lithuanians, Ukrainians and Belarusians.<sup id="cite_ref-Krickus2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krickus2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boemeke_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commission issued its recommendation on 22 April; its proposed Russo-Polish borders were close to those of the 19th-century <a href="Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boemeke_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Supreme Council continued to debate the issue for several months. On 8 December, the Council published a map and description of the line along with an announcement that it recognized "Poland's right to organize a regular administration of the territories of the former Russian Empire situated to the West of the line described below."<sup id="cite_ref-Boemeke_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the announcement stated the Council was not "...prejudging the provisions which must in the future define the eastern frontiers of Poland" and that "the rights that Poland may be able to establish over the territories situated to the East of the said line are expressly reserved."<sup id="cite_ref-Boemeke_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement had no immediate impact, although the Allies recommended its consideration in an August 1919 proposal to Poland, which was ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-Boemeke_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mayer2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish–Soviet_War_of_1919–1921">Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921</h2></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></div>
<p>Polish forces pushed eastward, <a href="Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">taking Kiev</a> in May 1920. Following a strong Soviet counteroffensive, Prime Minister <a href="W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Grabski" title="Władysław Grabski">Władysław Grabski</a> sought Allied assistance in July. Under pressure, he agreed to a Polish withdrawal to the 1919 version of the line and, in <a href="Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>, an armistice near the current line of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-wand_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">11 July 1920</span>, Curzon signed a telegram sent to the Bolshevik government proposing that a ceasefire be established along the line, and his name was subsequently associated with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Boemeke_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Curzon's July 1920 proposal differed from the 19 December announcement in two significant ways.<sup id="cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuyWellens1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The December note did not address the issue of Galicia, since it had been a part of the Austrian Empire rather than the Russian, nor did it address the Polish-Lithuanian dispute over the <a href="Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">Vilnius Region</a>, since those borders were demarcated at the time by the <a href="Foch_Line" title="Foch Line">Foch Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuyWellens1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The July 1920 note specifically addressed the Polish-Lithuanian dispute by mentioning a line running from <a href="Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> to <a href="Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> (Wilno) and thence north to <a href="Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>, <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (Dynaburg).<sup id="cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuyWellens1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also mentioned Galicia, where earlier discussions had resulted in the alternatives of Line A and Line B.<sup id="cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuyWellens1998-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The note endorsed Line A, which included Lwów and its nearby oil fields within Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portion of the line did not correspond to the current line of battle in Galicia, as per Grabski's agreement, and its inclusion in the July note has lent itself to disputation.<sup id="cite_ref-wand_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 17 July, the Soviets responded to the note with a refusal. <a href="Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a>, representing the Soviets, commented on the delayed interest of the British for a peace treaty between Russia and Poland. He agreed to start negotiations as long as the Polish side asked for it. The Soviet side at that time offered more favourable border solutions to Poland than the ones offered by the Curzon Line.<sup id="cite_ref-eh-carr_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh-carr-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August the Soviets were defeated by the Poles just outside Warsaw and forced to retreat. During the ensuing Polish offensive, the Polish government repudiated Grabski's agreement with regard to the line on the grounds that the Allies had not delivered support or protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Palij1995_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palij1995-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_of_Riga">Peace of Riga</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a></div>
<p>At the March 1921 <a href="Treaty_of_Riga" title="Treaty of Riga">Treaty of Riga</a> the Soviets conceded<sup id="cite_ref-Ryan2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryan2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a frontier well to the east of the Curzon Line, where Poland had conquered a great part of the <a href="Vilna_Governorate" title="Vilna Governorate">Vilna Governorate</a> (1920/1922), including the town of Wilno (<i>Vilnius</i>), and East Galicia (1919), including the city of Lwów, as well as most of the region of <a href="Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> (1921). The treaty provided Poland with almost 135,000 square kilometres (52,000 sq mi) of land that was, on average, about 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of the Curzon Line.<sup id="cite_ref-FryGoldstein2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FryGoldstein2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish-Soviet border was recognised by the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1923 and confirmed by various Polish-Soviet agreements. Within the annexed regions, Poland founded several administrative districts, such as the <a href="Wo%C5%82y%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wołyń Voivodeship (1921–39)">Volhynian Voivodeship</a>, the <a href="Polesie_Voivodeship" title="Polesie Voivodeship">Polesie Voivodeship</a>, and the <a href="Wilno_Voivodeship_(1926%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilno Voivodeship (1926–39)">Wilno Voivodeship</a>.
</p><p>As a concern of possible expansion of Polish territory, Polish politicians traditionally could be subdivided into two opposite groups advocating contrary approaches: restoration of Poland based on its former western territories one side and, alternatively, restoration of Poland based on its previous holdings in the east on the other.
</p><p>During the first quarter of the 20th century, a representative of the first political group was <a href="Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a>, an adherent of the <a href="Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-slavistic movement</a> and author of several political books and publications<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of some importance, who approached the issue pragmatically, but advocating for incorporation of available land based on a <a href="Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic principle</a> combined with a theory of easy assimilation of Belarusians within a centralised Polish state- the task potentially to be shared with Russia concerning Belarusians beyond the border which he viewed it would be possible to incorporate and assimilate.
</p><p>This resulted in a modification of the <a href="Dmowski_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmowski Line">Dmowski Line</a> in negotiations for the Treaty of Riga, in which the Polish delegation (consisting of a majority of parliamentary representatives, Dmowski’s Zjednoczenie Ludowo-Narodowe being the strongest party) unilaterally ceding claims to the Minsk area without basis on the line of actual control, and despite it having a higher Polish-identified population (in absolute and proportionally) than many of the areas still claimed within the border. The goal is thought to be jeopardising Józef Piłsudski’s ambitions for creating a Polish-Belarusian federation, as a remnant of his ‘federationist idea’ (opposed to Dmowski’s ‘incorporation its idea’) with a Belarusian capital in Minsk. It was predicted that a Belarusian entity without <a href="Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> would be deemed politically illegitimate and untenable to the local population. An anti-communist, but believing in the inevitability of a <a href="White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> victory in the Russian Civil War he wished to concentrate on resisting a more dangerous enemy of the Polish nation than Russia, which in his view was Germany.
</p><p>The most powerful representative of the opposed group was <a href="J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a>, a former <a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> who was born in the Vilna Governorate annexed during the 1795 Third Partition of Poland by the Russian Empire, whose political vision was essentially a far-reaching restoration of the borders of the <a href="Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, ideally in the form of a multinational federation. Because the Russian Empire had collapsed into a state of civil war following the <a href="Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, and the <a href="Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> had been defeated and been weakened considerably at the end of World War I by Germany's army, resulting in the <a href="Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, Piłsudski took the chance and used military force in an attempt to realise his political vision by concentrating on the east and involving himself in the Polish–Soviet War.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> and <a href="Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></div>
<p>The terms of the <a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of August 1939 provided for the partition of Poland along the line of the <a href="San_(river)" title="San (river)">San</a>, <a href="Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and <a href="Narew" title="Narew">Narew</a> rivers which did not go along the Curzon Line but reached far beyond it and awarded the Soviet Union with territories of Lublin and near Warsaw. In September, after the military defeat of Poland, the Soviet Union annexed all territories east of the Curzon Line plus Białystok and Eastern Galicia. The territories east of this line were incorporated into the <a href="Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> and <a href="Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> after falsified referendums and hundreds of thousands of Poles and a lesser number of Jews were deported eastwards into the Soviet Union. In July 1941 these territories were seized by <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the course of the <a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. During the German occupation most of the Jewish population was deported or killed by the Germans.
</p><p>In 1944, the Soviet armed forces recaptured eastern Poland from the Germans. The Soviets unilaterally declared a new frontier between the Soviet Union and Poland (approximately the same as the Curzon Line). The <a href="Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London bitterly opposed this, insisting on the "Riga line". At the <a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran</a> and <a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta conferences</a> between <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> and the western Allies, the allied leaders <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> and Churchill asked Stalin to reconsider, particularly over Lwów, but he refused. During the negotiations at Yalta, Stalin posed the question "Do you want me to tell the Russian people that I am less Russian than Lord Curzon?"<sup id="cite_ref-Plokhy2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plokhy2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The altered Curzon Line thus became the permanent eastern border of Poland and was recognised by the western Allies in July 1945. The border was later adjusted several times, the biggest revision <a href="1951_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_territorial_exchange" title="1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange">being in 1951</a>.
</p><p>When the Soviet Union ceased to exist in 1991, the Curzon Line became Poland's eastern border with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity_east_of_the_Curzon_Line_until_1939">Ethnicity east of the Curzon Line until 1939</h2></div>
<p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"></span>
</p>
<p>The ethnic composition of these areas proved difficult to measure, both during the interwar period and after World War II. A 1944 article in <i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> estimated that in 1931 between 2.2 and 2.5 million Poles lived east of the Curzon Line.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Yohanan Cohen's estimate, in 1939 the population in the territories of interwar Poland east of the Curzon Line gained via the Treaty of Riga totalled 12 million, consisting of over 5 million Ukrainians, between 3.5 and 4 million Poles, 1.5 million Belarusians, and 1.3 million Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During World War II, politicians gave varying estimates of the Polish population east of the Curzon Line that would be affected by <a href="World_War_II_population_transfers" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II population transfers">population transfers</a>. Winston Churchill mentioned "3 to 4 million Poles east of the Curzon Line".<sup id="cite_ref-Churchill1986_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Churchill1986-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Stanis%C5%82aw_Miko%C5%82ajczyk" title="Stanisław Mikołajczyk">Stanisław Mikołajczyk</a>, then Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile, counted this population as 5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson1999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Ukrainians and Belarusians if counted together composed the majority of the population of interwar Eastern Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area also had a significant number of Jewish inhabitants. Poles constituted majorities in the main cities (followed by Jews) and in some rural areas, such as Vilnius region or Wilno Voivodeship.<sup id="cite_ref-Cienciala_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cienciala-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wnuk_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wnuk-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After the Soviet deportation of Poles and Jews in 1939–1941 (see <a href="Polish_minority_in_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in Soviet Union">Polish minority in Soviet Union</a>), <a href="The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> and the <a href="Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia">ethnic cleansing of the Polish population</a> of Volhynia and East Galicia by Ukrainian Nationalists, the Polish population in the territories had decreased considerably. The cities of Wilno, Lwów, Grodno and some smaller towns still had significant Polish populations. After 1945, the Polish population of the area east of the new Soviet-Polish border was in general confronted with the alternative either to accept a different citizenship or to emigrate. According to more recent research, about 3 million Roman Catholic Poles lived east of the Curzon Line within interwar Poland's borders, of whom about 2.1 million<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 2.2 million<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> died, fled, emigrated or were expelled to the newly annexed German territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There still exists a big <a href="Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Polish minority in Lithuania</a> and a big <a href="Poles_in_Belarus" title="Poles in Belarus">Polish minority in Belarus</a> today. The cities of Vilnius, Grodno and some smaller towns still have significant Polish populations. <a href="Vilnius_District_Municipality" title="Vilnius District Municipality">Vilnius District Municipality</a> and <a href="Sapotskin" title="Sapotskin">Sapotskin</a> region have a Polish majority.
</p><p>Ukrainian nationalists continued their partisan war and were imprisoned by the Soviets and sent to the <a href="Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>. There they revolted, actively participating in several uprisings (<a href="Kengir_uprising" title="Kengir uprising">Kengir uprising</a>, <a href="Norilsk_uprising" title="Norilsk uprising">Norilsk uprising</a>, <a href="Vorkuta_uprising" title="Vorkuta uprising">Vorkuta uprising</a>).
</p><p>Polish population east of the Curzon Line before World War II can be estimated by adding together figures for Former Eastern Poland and for pre-1939 Soviet Union:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>1. Interwar Poland
</th>
<th>Polish mother tongue (of whom Roman Catholics)
</th>
<th>Source (census)
</th>
<th>Today part of:
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>South-Eastern Poland
</td>
<td>2,243,011 (1,765,765)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1931 Polish census<sup id="cite_ref-:02_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>North-Eastern Poland
</td>
<td>1,663,888 (1,358,029)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td>1931 Polish census
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus"></a></span></span> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"></a></span></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>2. Interwar USSR
</th>
<th>Ethnic Poles according to official census
</th>
<th>Source (census)
</th>
<th>Today part of:
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Soviet Ukraine
</td>
<td>476,435
</td>
<td><a href="First_All-Union_Census_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union">1926 Soviet census</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Soviet Belarus
</td>
<td>97,498
</td>
<td>1926 Soviet census
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Soviet Russia
</td>
<td>197,827
</td>
<td>1926 Soviet census
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>rest of the USSR
</td>
<td>10,574
</td>
<td>1926 Soviet census
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>3. Interwar Baltic states
</th>
<th>Ethnic Poles according to official census
</th>
<th>Source (census)
</th>
<th>Today part of:
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Lithuania
</td>
<td>65,599 <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><a href="Lithuanian_census_of_1923" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian census of 1923">1923 Lithuanian census</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Latvia
</td>
<td>59,374
</td>
<td>1930 Latvian census<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Estonia
</td>
<td>1,608
</td>
<td><a href="Demographics_of_Estonia#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Estonia">1934 Estonian census</a>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>TOTAL (1., 2., 3.)
</th>
<th>4 to 5 million ethnic Poles
</th>
<th>
</th>
<th>
</th></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Two tables below show the linguistic (<a href="First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>) and religious structure of interwar South-Eastern Poland (nowadays part of <a href="Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>) and interwar North-Eastern Poland (nowadays part of <a href="Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belarus</a> and southern Lithuania) by county, according to the 1931 census.
</p><p>South-East Poland:
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible">
<caption>Linguistic and religious structure of South-East Poland in 1931<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>County
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th>
<th>Polish
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Yiddish & Hebrew
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Ukrainian & Ruthenian
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Other language
<p><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Roman Catholic
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Jewish
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Uniate & Orthodox
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Other religion
<p><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</th>
<th>%
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dubno" title="Dubno">Dubno</a>
</td>
<td>226709
</td>
<td>33987
</td>
<td>15.0%
</td>
<td>17430
</td>
<td>7.7%
</td>
<td>158173
</td>
<td>69.8%
</td>
<td>17119
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>27638
</td>
<td>12.2%
</td>
<td>18227
</td>
<td>8.0%
</td>
<td>173512
</td>
<td>76.5%
</td>
<td>7332
</td>
<td>3.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Horokhiv" title="Horokhiv">Horokhiv</a>
</td>
<td>122045
</td>
<td>21100
</td>
<td>17.3%
</td>
<td>9993
</td>
<td>8.2%
</td>
<td>84224
</td>
<td>69.0%
</td>
<td>6728
</td>
<td>5.5%
</td>
<td>17675
</td>
<td>14.5%
</td>
<td>10112
</td>
<td>8.3%
</td>
<td>87333
</td>
<td>71.6%
</td>
<td>6925
</td>
<td>5.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kostopil" title="Kostopil">Kostopil</a>
</td>
<td>159602
</td>
<td>34951
</td>
<td>21.9%
</td>
<td>10481
</td>
<td>6.6%
</td>
<td>105346
</td>
<td>66.0%
</td>
<td>8824
</td>
<td>5.5%
</td>
<td>34450
</td>
<td>21.6%
</td>
<td>10786
</td>
<td>6.8%
</td>
<td>103912
</td>
<td>65.1%
</td>
<td>10454
</td>
<td>6.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kovel" title="Kovel">Kovel</a>
</td>
<td>255095
</td>
<td>36720
</td>
<td>14.4%
</td>
<td>26476
</td>
<td>10.4%
</td>
<td>185240
</td>
<td>72.6%
</td>
<td>6659
</td>
<td>2.6%
</td>
<td>35191
</td>
<td>13.8%
</td>
<td>26719
</td>
<td>10.5%
</td>
<td>187717
</td>
<td>73.6%
</td>
<td>5468
</td>
<td>2.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kremenets" title="Kremenets">Kremenets</a>
</td>
<td>243032
</td>
<td>25758
</td>
<td>10.6%
</td>
<td>18679
</td>
<td>7.7%
</td>
<td>196000
</td>
<td>80.6%
</td>
<td>2595
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td>
<td>25082
</td>
<td>10.3%
</td>
<td>18751
</td>
<td>7.7%
</td>
<td>195233
</td>
<td>80.3%
</td>
<td>3966
</td>
<td>1.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Liuboml" title="Liuboml">Liuboml</a>
</td>
<td>85507
</td>
<td>12150
</td>
<td>14.2%
</td>
<td>6818
</td>
<td>8.0%
</td>
<td>65906
</td>
<td>77.1%
</td>
<td>633
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td>
<td>10998
</td>
<td>12.9%
</td>
<td>6861
</td>
<td>8.0%
</td>
<td>65685
</td>
<td>76.8%
</td>
<td>1963
</td>
<td>2.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a>
</td>
<td>290805
</td>
<td>56446
</td>
<td>19.4%
</td>
<td>34142
</td>
<td>11.7%
</td>
<td>172038
</td>
<td>59.2%
</td>
<td>28179
</td>
<td>9.7%
</td>
<td>55802
</td>
<td>19.2%
</td>
<td>34354
</td>
<td>11.8%
</td>
<td>177377
</td>
<td>61.0%
</td>
<td>23272
</td>
<td>8.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rivne" title="Rivne">Rivne</a>
</td>
<td>252787
</td>
<td>36990
</td>
<td>14.6%
</td>
<td>37484
</td>
<td>14.8%
</td>
<td>160484
</td>
<td>63.5%
</td>
<td>17829
</td>
<td>7.1%
</td>
<td>36444
</td>
<td>14.4%
</td>
<td>37713
</td>
<td>14.9%
</td>
<td>166970
</td>
<td>66.1%
</td>
<td>11660
</td>
<td>4.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sarny" title="Sarny">Sarny</a>
</td>
<td>181284
</td>
<td>30426
</td>
<td>16.8%
</td>
<td>16019
</td>
<td>8.8%
</td>
<td>129637
</td>
<td>71.5%
</td>
<td>5202
</td>
<td>2.9%
</td>
<td>28192
</td>
<td>15.6%
</td>
<td>16088
</td>
<td>8.9%
</td>
<td>132691
</td>
<td>73.2%
</td>
<td>4313
</td>
<td>2.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Volodymyr%2C_Volyn_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast">Volodymyr</a>
</td>
<td>150374
</td>
<td>40286
</td>
<td>26.8%
</td>
<td>17236
</td>
<td>11.5%
</td>
<td>88174
</td>
<td>58.6%
</td>
<td>4678
</td>
<td>3.1%
</td>
<td>38483
</td>
<td>25.6%
</td>
<td>17331
</td>
<td>11.5%
</td>
<td>89641
</td>
<td>59.6%
</td>
<td>4919
</td>
<td>3.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zdolbuniv" title="Zdolbuniv">Zdolbuniv</a>
</td>
<td>118334
</td>
<td>17826
</td>
<td>15.1%
</td>
<td>10787
</td>
<td>9.1%
</td>
<td>81650
</td>
<td>69.0%
</td>
<td>8071
</td>
<td>6.8%
</td>
<td>17901
</td>
<td>15.1%
</td>
<td>10850
</td>
<td>9.2%
</td>
<td>86948
</td>
<td>73.5%
</td>
<td>2635
</td>
<td>2.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Borshchiv" title="Borshchiv">Borshchiv</a>
</td>
<td>103277
</td>
<td>46153
</td>
<td>44.7%
</td>
<td>4302
</td>
<td>4.2%
</td>
<td>52612
</td>
<td>50.9%
</td>
<td>210
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>28432
</td>
<td>27.5%
</td>
<td>9353
</td>
<td>9.1%
</td>
<td>65344
</td>
<td>63.3%
</td>
<td>148
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Brody" title="Brody">Brody</a>
</td>
<td>91248
</td>
<td>32843
</td>
<td>36.0%
</td>
<td>7640
</td>
<td>8.4%
</td>
<td>50490
</td>
<td>55.3%
</td>
<td>275
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>22521
</td>
<td>24.7%
</td>
<td>10360
</td>
<td>11.4%
</td>
<td>58009
</td>
<td>63.6%
</td>
<td>358
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Berezhany" title="Berezhany">Berezhany</a>
</td>
<td>103824
</td>
<td>48168
</td>
<td>46.4%
</td>
<td>3716
</td>
<td>3.6%
</td>
<td>51757
</td>
<td>49.9%
</td>
<td>183
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>41962
</td>
<td>40.4%
</td>
<td>7151
</td>
<td>6.9%
</td>
<td>54611
</td>
<td>52.6%
</td>
<td>100
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Buchach" title="Buchach">Buchach</a>
</td>
<td>139062
</td>
<td>60523
</td>
<td>43.5%
</td>
<td>8059
</td>
<td>5.8%
</td>
<td>70336
</td>
<td>50.6%
</td>
<td>144
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>51311
</td>
<td>36.9%
</td>
<td>10568
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>77023
</td>
<td>55.4%
</td>
<td>160
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chortkiv" title="Chortkiv">Chortkiv</a>
</td>
<td>84008
</td>
<td>36486
</td>
<td>43.4%
</td>
<td>6474
</td>
<td>7.7%
</td>
<td>40866
</td>
<td>48.6%
</td>
<td>182
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>33080
</td>
<td>39.4%
</td>
<td>7845
</td>
<td>9.3%
</td>
<td>42828
</td>
<td>51.0%
</td>
<td>255
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kamianka-Buzka" title="Kamianka-Buzka">Kamianka-Buzka</a>
</td>
<td>82111
</td>
<td>41693
</td>
<td>50.8%
</td>
<td>4737
</td>
<td>5.8%
</td>
<td>35178
</td>
<td>42.8%
</td>
<td>503
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td>
<td>29828
</td>
<td>36.3%
</td>
<td>6700
</td>
<td>8.2%
</td>
<td>45113
</td>
<td>54.9%
</td>
<td>470
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kopychyntsi" title="Kopychyntsi">Kopychyntsi</a>
</td>
<td>88614
</td>
<td>38158
</td>
<td>43.1%
</td>
<td>5164
</td>
<td>5.8%
</td>
<td>45196
</td>
<td>51.0%
</td>
<td>96
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>31202
</td>
<td>35.2%
</td>
<td>7291
</td>
<td>8.2%
</td>
<td>50007
</td>
<td>56.4%
</td>
<td>114
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pidhaitsi" title="Pidhaitsi">Pidhaitsi</a>
</td>
<td>95663
</td>
<td>46710
</td>
<td>48.8%
</td>
<td>3464
</td>
<td>3.6%
</td>
<td>45031
</td>
<td>47.1%
</td>
<td>458
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>38003
</td>
<td>39.7%
</td>
<td>4786
</td>
<td>5.0%
</td>
<td>52634
</td>
<td>55.0%
</td>
<td>240
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Peremyshliany" title="Peremyshliany">Peremyshliany</a>
</td>
<td>89908
</td>
<td>52269
</td>
<td>58.1%
</td>
<td>4445
</td>
<td>4.9%
</td>
<td>32777
</td>
<td>36.5%
</td>
<td>417
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>38475
</td>
<td>42.8%
</td>
<td>6860
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>44002
</td>
<td>48.9%
</td>
<td>571
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Radekhiv" title="Radekhiv">Radekhiv</a>
</td>
<td>69313
</td>
<td>25427
</td>
<td>36.7%
</td>
<td>3277
</td>
<td>4.7%
</td>
<td>39970
</td>
<td>57.7%
</td>
<td>639
</td>
<td>0.9%
</td>
<td>17945
</td>
<td>25.9%
</td>
<td>6934
</td>
<td>10.0%
</td>
<td>42928
</td>
<td>61.9%
</td>
<td>1506
</td>
<td>2.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Skalat" title="Skalat">Skalat</a>
</td>
<td>89215
</td>
<td>60091
</td>
<td>67.4%
</td>
<td>3654
</td>
<td>4.1%
</td>
<td>25369
</td>
<td>28.4%
</td>
<td>101
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>45631
</td>
<td>51.1%
</td>
<td>8486
</td>
<td>9.5%
</td>
<td>34798
</td>
<td>39.0%
</td>
<td>300
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Ternopil</a>
</td>
<td>142220
</td>
<td>93874
</td>
<td>66.0%
</td>
<td>5836
</td>
<td>4.1%
</td>
<td>42374
</td>
<td>29.8%
</td>
<td>136
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>63286
</td>
<td>44.5%
</td>
<td>17684
</td>
<td>12.4%
</td>
<td>60979
</td>
<td>42.9%
</td>
<td>271
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Terebovlia" title="Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a>
</td>
<td>84321
</td>
<td>50178
</td>
<td>59.5%
</td>
<td>3173
</td>
<td>3.8%
</td>
<td>30868
</td>
<td>36.6%
</td>
<td>102
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>38979
</td>
<td>46.2%
</td>
<td>4845
</td>
<td>5.7%
</td>
<td>40452
</td>
<td>48.0%
</td>
<td>45
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zalishchyky" title="Zalishchyky">Zalishchyky</a>
</td>
<td>72021
</td>
<td>27549
</td>
<td>38.3%
</td>
<td>3261
</td>
<td>4.5%
</td>
<td>41147
</td>
<td>57.1%
</td>
<td>64
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>17917
</td>
<td>24.9%
</td>
<td>5965
</td>
<td>8.3%
</td>
<td>48069
</td>
<td>66.7%
</td>
<td>70
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zbarazh" title="Zbarazh">Zbarazh</a>
</td>
<td>65579
</td>
<td>32740
</td>
<td>49.9%
</td>
<td>3142
</td>
<td>4.8%
</td>
<td>29609
</td>
<td>45.2%
</td>
<td>88
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>24855
</td>
<td>37.9%
</td>
<td>3997
</td>
<td>6.1%
</td>
<td>36468
</td>
<td>55.6%
</td>
<td>259
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zboriv" title="Zboriv">Zboriv</a>
</td>
<td>81413
</td>
<td>39624
</td>
<td>48.7%
</td>
<td>2522
</td>
<td>3.1%
</td>
<td>39174
</td>
<td>48.1%
</td>
<td>93
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>26239
</td>
<td>32.2%
</td>
<td>5056
</td>
<td>6.2%
</td>
<td>49925
</td>
<td>61.3%
</td>
<td>193
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zolochiv%2C_Lviv_Oblast" title="Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast">Zolochiv</a>
</td>
<td>118609
</td>
<td>56628
</td>
<td>47.7%
</td>
<td>6066
</td>
<td>5.1%
</td>
<td>55381
</td>
<td>46.7%
</td>
<td>534
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>36937
</td>
<td>31.1%
</td>
<td>10236
</td>
<td>8.6%
</td>
<td>70663
</td>
<td>59.6%
</td>
<td>773
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dolyna" title="Dolyna">Dolyna</a>
</td>
<td>118373
</td>
<td>21158
</td>
<td>17.9%
</td>
<td>9031
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>83880
</td>
<td>70.9%
</td>
<td>4304
</td>
<td>3.6%
</td>
<td>15630
</td>
<td>13.2%
</td>
<td>10471
</td>
<td>8.8%
</td>
<td>89811
</td>
<td>75.9%
</td>
<td>2461
</td>
<td>2.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Horodenka" title="Horodenka">Horodenka</a>
</td>
<td>92894
</td>
<td>27751
</td>
<td>29.9%
</td>
<td>5031
</td>
<td>5.4%
</td>
<td>59957
</td>
<td>64.5%
</td>
<td>155
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>15519
</td>
<td>16.7%
</td>
<td>7480
</td>
<td>8.1%
</td>
<td>69789
</td>
<td>75.1%
</td>
<td>106
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kalush%2C_Ukraine" title="Kalush, Ukraine">Kalush</a>
</td>
<td>102252
</td>
<td>18637
</td>
<td>18.2%
</td>
<td>5109
</td>
<td>5.0%
</td>
<td>77506
</td>
<td>75.8%
</td>
<td>1000
</td>
<td>1.0%
</td>
<td>14418
</td>
<td>14.1%
</td>
<td>6249
</td>
<td>6.1%
</td>
<td>80750
</td>
<td>79.0%
</td>
<td>835
</td>
<td>0.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kolomyia" title="Kolomyia">Kolomyia</a>
</td>
<td>176000
</td>
<td>52006
</td>
<td>29.5%
</td>
<td>11191
</td>
<td>6.4%
</td>
<td>110533
</td>
<td>62.8%
</td>
<td>2270
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td>
<td>31925
</td>
<td>18.1%
</td>
<td>20887
</td>
<td>11.9%
</td>
<td>121376
</td>
<td>69.0%
</td>
<td>1812
</td>
<td>1.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kosiv" title="Kosiv">Kosiv</a>
</td>
<td>93952
</td>
<td>6718
</td>
<td>7.2%
</td>
<td>6730
</td>
<td>7.2%
</td>
<td>79838
</td>
<td>85.0%
</td>
<td>666
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td>
<td>4976
</td>
<td>5.3%
</td>
<td>7826
</td>
<td>8.3%
</td>
<td>80903
</td>
<td>86.1%
</td>
<td>247
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Nadvirna" title="Nadvirna">Nadvírna</a>
</td>
<td>140702
</td>
<td>16907
</td>
<td>12.0%
</td>
<td>11020
</td>
<td>7.8%
</td>
<td>112128
</td>
<td>79.7%
</td>
<td>647
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>15214
</td>
<td>10.8%
</td>
<td>11663
</td>
<td>8.3%
</td>
<td>113116
</td>
<td>80.4%
</td>
<td>709
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rohatyn" title="Rohatyn">Rohatyn</a>
</td>
<td>127252
</td>
<td>36152
</td>
<td>28.4%
</td>
<td>6111
</td>
<td>4.8%
</td>
<td>84875
</td>
<td>66.7%
</td>
<td>114
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>27108
</td>
<td>21.3%
</td>
<td>9466
</td>
<td>7.4%
</td>
<td>90456
</td>
<td>71.1%
</td>
<td>222
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanyslaviv</a>
</td>
<td>198359
</td>
<td>49032
</td>
<td>24.7%
</td>
<td>26996
</td>
<td>13.6%
</td>
<td>120214
</td>
<td>60.6%
</td>
<td>2117
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td>
<td>42519
</td>
<td>21.4%
</td>
<td>29525
</td>
<td>14.9%
</td>
<td>123959
</td>
<td>62.5%
</td>
<td>2356
</td>
<td>1.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Stryi" title="Stryi">Stryi</a>
</td>
<td>152631
</td>
<td>25186
</td>
<td>16.5%
</td>
<td>15413
</td>
<td>10.1%
</td>
<td>106183
</td>
<td>69.6%
</td>
<td>5849
</td>
<td>3.8%
</td>
<td>23404
</td>
<td>15.3%
</td>
<td>17115
</td>
<td>11.2%
</td>
<td>108159
</td>
<td>70.9%
</td>
<td>3953
</td>
<td>2.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sniatyn" title="Sniatyn">Sniatyn</a>
</td>
<td>78025
</td>
<td>17206
</td>
<td>22.1%
</td>
<td>4341
</td>
<td>5.6%
</td>
<td>56007
</td>
<td>71.8%
</td>
<td>471
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td>
<td>8659
</td>
<td>11.1%
</td>
<td>7073
</td>
<td>9.1%
</td>
<td>61797
</td>
<td>79.2%
</td>
<td>496
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Tlumach" title="Tlumach">Tlumach</a>
</td>
<td>116028
</td>
<td>44958
</td>
<td>38.7%
</td>
<td>3677
</td>
<td>3.2%
</td>
<td>66659
</td>
<td>57.5%
</td>
<td>734
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td>
<td>31478
</td>
<td>27.1%
</td>
<td>6702
</td>
<td>5.8%
</td>
<td>76650
</td>
<td>66.1%
</td>
<td>1198
</td>
<td>1.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zhydachiv" title="Zhydachiv">Zhydachiv</a>
</td>
<td>83817
</td>
<td>16464
</td>
<td>19.6%
</td>
<td>4728
</td>
<td>5.6%
</td>
<td>61098
</td>
<td>72.9%
</td>
<td>1527
</td>
<td>1.8%
</td>
<td>15094
</td>
<td>18.0%
</td>
<td>5289
</td>
<td>6.3%
</td>
<td>63144
</td>
<td>75.3%
</td>
<td>290
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Bibrka" title="Bibrka">Bibrka</a>
</td>
<td>97124
</td>
<td>30762
</td>
<td>31.7%
</td>
<td>5533
</td>
<td>5.7%
</td>
<td>60444
</td>
<td>62.2%
</td>
<td>385
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td>
<td>22820
</td>
<td>23.5%
</td>
<td>7972
</td>
<td>8.2%
</td>
<td>66113
</td>
<td>68.1%
</td>
<td>219
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dobromyl" title="Dobromyl">Dobromyl</a>
</td>
<td>93970
</td>
<td>35945
</td>
<td>38.3%
</td>
<td>4997
</td>
<td>5.3%
</td>
<td>52463
</td>
<td>55.8%
</td>
<td>565
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td>
<td>25941
</td>
<td>27.6%
</td>
<td>7522
</td>
<td>8.0%
</td>
<td>59664
</td>
<td>63.5%
</td>
<td>843
</td>
<td>0.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobych</a>
</td>
<td>194456
</td>
<td>91935
</td>
<td>47.3%
</td>
<td>20484
</td>
<td>10.5%
</td>
<td>79214
</td>
<td>40.7%
</td>
<td>2823
</td>
<td>1.5%
</td>
<td>52172
</td>
<td>26.8%
</td>
<td>28888
</td>
<td>14.9%
</td>
<td>110850
</td>
<td>57.0%
</td>
<td>2546
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Horodok%2C_Lviv_Oblast" title="Horodok, Lviv Oblast">Horodok</a>
</td>
<td>85007
</td>
<td>33228
</td>
<td>39.1%
</td>
<td>2975
</td>
<td>3.5%
</td>
<td>47812
</td>
<td>56.2%
</td>
<td>992
</td>
<td>1.2%
</td>
<td>22408
</td>
<td>26.4%
</td>
<td>4982
</td>
<td>5.9%
</td>
<td>56713
</td>
<td>66.7%
</td>
<td>904
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Yavoriv" title="Yavoriv">Yavoriv</a>
</td>
<td>86762
</td>
<td>26938
</td>
<td>31.0%
</td>
<td>3044
</td>
<td>3.5%
</td>
<td>55868
</td>
<td>64.4%
</td>
<td>912
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td>
<td>18394
</td>
<td>21.2%
</td>
<td>5161
</td>
<td>5.9%
</td>
<td>62828
</td>
<td>72.4%
</td>
<td>379
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv City</a>
</td>
<td>312231
</td>
<td>198212
</td>
<td>63.5%
</td>
<td>75316
</td>
<td>24.1%
</td>
<td>35137
</td>
<td>11.3%
</td>
<td>3566
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td>
<td>157490
</td>
<td>50.4%
</td>
<td>99595
</td>
<td>31.9%
</td>
<td>50824
</td>
<td>16.3%
</td>
<td>4322
</td>
<td>1.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lviv_Raion" title="Lviv Raion">Lviv County</a>
</td>
<td>142800
</td>
<td>80712
</td>
<td>56.5%
</td>
<td>1569
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td>
<td>58395
</td>
<td>40.9%
</td>
<td>2124
</td>
<td>1.5%
</td>
<td>67430
</td>
<td>47.2%
</td>
<td>5087
</td>
<td>3.6%
</td>
<td>67592
</td>
<td>47.3%
</td>
<td>2691
</td>
<td>1.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Mostyska" title="Mostyska">Mostyska</a>
</td>
<td>89460
</td>
<td>49989
</td>
<td>55.9%
</td>
<td>2164
</td>
<td>2.4%
</td>
<td>37196
</td>
<td>41.6%
</td>
<td>111
</td>
<td>0.1%
</td>
<td>34619
</td>
<td>38.7%
</td>
<td>5428
</td>
<td>6.1%
</td>
<td>49230
</td>
<td>55.0%
</td>
<td>183
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rava-Ruska" title="Rava-Ruska">Rava-Ruska</a>
</td>
<td>122072
</td>
<td>27376
</td>
<td>22.4%
</td>
<td>10991
</td>
<td>9.0%
</td>
<td>82133
</td>
<td>67.3%
</td>
<td>1572
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td>
<td>22489
</td>
<td>18.4%
</td>
<td>13381
</td>
<td>11.0%
</td>
<td>84808
</td>
<td>69.5%
</td>
<td>1394
</td>
<td>1.1%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rudky" title="Rudky">Rudky</a>
</td>
<td>79170
</td>
<td>38417
</td>
<td>48.5%
</td>
<td>4247
</td>
<td>5.4%
</td>
<td>36254
</td>
<td>45.8%
</td>
<td>252
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>27674
</td>
<td>35.0%
</td>
<td>5396
</td>
<td>6.8%
</td>
<td>45756
</td>
<td>57.8%
</td>
<td>344
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambir</a>
</td>
<td>133814
</td>
<td>56818
</td>
<td>42.5%
</td>
<td>7794
</td>
<td>5.8%
</td>
<td>68222
</td>
<td>51.0%
</td>
<td>980
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td>
<td>43583
</td>
<td>32.6%
</td>
<td>11258
</td>
<td>8.4%
</td>
<td>78527
</td>
<td>58.7%
</td>
<td>446
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sokal" title="Sokal">Sokal</a>
</td>
<td>109111
</td>
<td>42851
</td>
<td>39.3%
</td>
<td>5917
</td>
<td>5.4%
</td>
<td>59984
</td>
<td>55.0%
</td>
<td>359
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>25425
</td>
<td>23.3%
</td>
<td>13372
</td>
<td>12.3%
</td>
<td>69963
</td>
<td>64.1%
</td>
<td>351
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Turka%2C_Ukraine" title="Turka, Ukraine">Turka</a>
</td>
<td>114457
</td>
<td>26083
</td>
<td>22.8%
</td>
<td>7552
</td>
<td>6.6%
</td>
<td>80483
</td>
<td>70.3%
</td>
<td>339
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>6301
</td>
<td>5.5%
</td>
<td>10627
</td>
<td>9.3%
</td>
<td>97339
</td>
<td>85.0%
</td>
<td>190
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Zhovkva" title="Zhovkva">Zhovkva</a>
</td>
<td>95507
</td>
<td>35816
</td>
<td>37.5%
</td>
<td>3344
</td>
<td>3.5%
</td>
<td>56060
</td>
<td>58.7%
</td>
<td>287
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>20279
</td>
<td>21.2%
</td>
<td>7848
</td>
<td>8.2%
</td>
<td>66823
</td>
<td>70.0%
</td>
<td>557
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><b>South-East Poland</b>
</th>
<th>6922206
</th>
<th>2243011
</th>
<th>32.4%
</th>
<th>549782
</th>
<th>7.9%
</th>
<th>3983550
</th>
<th>57.6%
</th>
<th>145863
</th>
<th>2.1%
</th>
<th>1707428
</th>
<th>24.7%
</th>
<th>708172
</th>
<th>10.2%
</th>
<th>4387812
</th>
<th>63.4%
</th>
<th>118794
</th>
<th>1.7%
</th></tr></tbody></table>
<p>North-East Poland:
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible">
<caption>Linguistic and religious structure of North-East Poland in 1931<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>County
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th>
<th>Polish
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Yiddish & Hebrew
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Belarusian, Poleshuk & Russian
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Other language <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Roman Catholic
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Jewish
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Orthodox & Uniate
</th>
<th>%
</th>
<th>Other religion
<p><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</th>
<th>%
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Baranavichy" title="Baranavichy">Baranavichy</a>
</td>
<td>161038
</td>
<td>74916
</td>
<td>46.5%
</td>
<td>15034
</td>
<td>9.3%
</td>
<td>70627
</td>
<td>43.9%
</td>
<td>461
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>45126
</td>
<td>28.0%
</td>
<td>16074
</td>
<td>10.0%
</td>
<td>99118
</td>
<td>61.5%
</td>
<td>720
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lida" title="Lida">Lida</a>
</td>
<td>183485
</td>
<td>145609
</td>
<td>79.4%
</td>
<td>14546
</td>
<td>7.9%
</td>
<td>20538
</td>
<td>11.2%
</td>
<td>2792
</td>
<td>1.5%
</td>
<td>144627
</td>
<td>78.8%
</td>
<td>14913
</td>
<td>8.1%
</td>
<td>23025
</td>
<td>12.5%
</td>
<td>920
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Nyasvizh" title="Nyasvizh">Nyasvizh</a>
</td>
<td>114464
</td>
<td>27933
</td>
<td>24.4%
</td>
<td>8754
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>77094
</td>
<td>67.4%
</td>
<td>683
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td>
<td>22378
</td>
<td>19.6%
</td>
<td>8880
</td>
<td>7.8%
</td>
<td>82245
</td>
<td>71.9%
</td>
<td>961
</td>
<td>0.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Novogrudok" title="Novogrudok">Novogrudok</a>
</td>
<td>149536
</td>
<td>35084
</td>
<td>23.5%
</td>
<td>10326
</td>
<td>6.9%
</td>
<td>103783
</td>
<td>69.4%
</td>
<td>343
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>28796
</td>
<td>19.3%
</td>
<td>10462
</td>
<td>7.0%
</td>
<td>109162
</td>
<td>73.0%
</td>
<td>1116
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Slonim" title="Slonim">Slonim</a>
</td>
<td>126510
</td>
<td>52313
</td>
<td>41.4%
</td>
<td>10058
</td>
<td>8.0%
</td>
<td>63445
</td>
<td>50.2%
</td>
<td>694
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>23817
</td>
<td>18.8%
</td>
<td>12344
</td>
<td>9.8%
</td>
<td>89724
</td>
<td>70.9%
</td>
<td>625
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Stowbtsy" title="Stowbtsy">Stowbtsy</a>
</td>
<td>99389
</td>
<td>51820
</td>
<td>52.1%
</td>
<td>6341
</td>
<td>6.4%
</td>
<td>40875
</td>
<td>41.1%
</td>
<td>353
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td>
<td>37856
</td>
<td>38.1%
</td>
<td>6975
</td>
<td>7.0%
</td>
<td>54076
</td>
<td>54.4%
</td>
<td>482
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Shchuchyn" title="Shchuchyn">Shchuchyn</a>
</td>
<td>107203
</td>
<td>89462
</td>
<td>83.5%
</td>
<td>6705
</td>
<td>6.3%
</td>
<td>10658
</td>
<td>9.9%
</td>
<td>378
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td>
<td>60097
</td>
<td>56.1%
</td>
<td>7883
</td>
<td>7.4%
</td>
<td>38900
</td>
<td>36.3%
</td>
<td>323
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Valozhyn" title="Valozhyn">Valozhyn</a>
</td>
<td>115522
</td>
<td>76722
</td>
<td>66.4%
</td>
<td>5261
</td>
<td>4.6%
</td>
<td>33240
</td>
<td>28.8%
</td>
<td>299
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>61852
</td>
<td>53.5%
</td>
<td>5341
</td>
<td>4.6%
</td>
<td>47923
</td>
<td>41.5%
</td>
<td>406
</td>
<td>0.4%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Braslaw" title="Braslaw">Braslaw</a>
</td>
<td>143161
</td>
<td>93958
</td>
<td>65.6%
</td>
<td>7181
</td>
<td>5.0%
</td>
<td>37689
</td>
<td>26.3%
</td>
<td>4333
</td>
<td>3.0%
</td>
<td>89020
</td>
<td>62.2%
</td>
<td>7703
</td>
<td>5.4%
</td>
<td>29713
</td>
<td>20.8%
</td>
<td>16725
</td>
<td>11.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Dzisna" title="Dzisna">Dzisna</a>
</td>
<td>159886
</td>
<td>62282
</td>
<td>39.0%
</td>
<td>11762
</td>
<td>7.4%
</td>
<td>85051
</td>
<td>53.2%
</td>
<td>791
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>56895
</td>
<td>35.6%
</td>
<td>11948
</td>
<td>7.5%
</td>
<td>88118
</td>
<td>55.1%
</td>
<td>2925
</td>
<td>1.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Maladzyechna" title="Maladzyechna">Molodechno</a>
</td>
<td>91285
</td>
<td>35523
</td>
<td>38.9%
</td>
<td>5789
</td>
<td>6.3%
</td>
<td>49747
</td>
<td>54.5%
</td>
<td>226
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>21704
</td>
<td>23.8%
</td>
<td>5910
</td>
<td>6.5%
</td>
<td>63074
</td>
<td>69.1%
</td>
<td>597
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ashmyany" title="Ashmyany">Oshmyany</a>
</td>
<td>104612
</td>
<td>84951
</td>
<td>81.2%
</td>
<td>6721
</td>
<td>6.4%
</td>
<td>11064
</td>
<td>10.6%
</td>
<td>1876
</td>
<td>1.8%
</td>
<td>81369
</td>
<td>77.8%
</td>
<td>7056
</td>
<td>6.7%
</td>
<td>15125
</td>
<td>14.5%
</td>
<td>1062
</td>
<td>1.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pastavy" title="Pastavy">Pastavy</a>
</td>
<td>99907
</td>
<td>47917
</td>
<td>48.0%
</td>
<td>2683
</td>
<td>2.7%
</td>
<td>49071
</td>
<td>49.1%
</td>
<td>236
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>50751
</td>
<td>50.8%
</td>
<td>2769
</td>
<td>2.8%
</td>
<td>44477
</td>
<td>44.5%
</td>
<td>1910
</td>
<td>1.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dionys" title="Švenčionys">Švenčionys</a>
</td>
<td>136475
</td>
<td>68441
</td>
<td>50.1%
</td>
<td>7654
</td>
<td>5.6%
</td>
<td>16814
</td>
<td>12.3%
</td>
<td>43566
</td>
<td>31.9%
</td>
<td>117524
</td>
<td>86.1%
</td>
<td>7678
</td>
<td>5.6%
</td>
<td>1978
</td>
<td>1.4%
</td>
<td>9295
</td>
<td>6.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Vilyeyka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilyeyka">Vilyeyka</a>
</td>
<td>131070
</td>
<td>59477
</td>
<td>45.4%
</td>
<td>5934
</td>
<td>4.5%
</td>
<td>65220
</td>
<td>49.8%
</td>
<td>439
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>53168
</td>
<td>40.6%
</td>
<td>6113
</td>
<td>4.7%
</td>
<td>70664
</td>
<td>53.9%
</td>
<td>1125
</td>
<td>0.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Trakai" title="Trakai">Vilnius-Trakai</a>
</td>
<td>214472
</td>
<td>180546
</td>
<td>84.2%
</td>
<td>6508
</td>
<td>3.0%
</td>
<td>9263
</td>
<td>4.3%
</td>
<td>18155
</td>
<td>8.5%
</td>
<td>201053
</td>
<td>93.7%
</td>
<td>6613
</td>
<td>3.1%
</td>
<td>2988
</td>
<td>1.4%
</td>
<td>3818
</td>
<td>1.8%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius City</a>
</td>
<td>195071
</td>
<td>128628
</td>
<td>65.9%
</td>
<td>54596
</td>
<td>28.0%
</td>
<td>9109
</td>
<td>4.7%
</td>
<td>2738
</td>
<td>1.4%
</td>
<td>125999
</td>
<td>64.6%
</td>
<td>55006
</td>
<td>28.2%
</td>
<td>9598
</td>
<td>4.9%
</td>
<td>4468
</td>
<td>2.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Brest%2C_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>
</td>
<td>215927
</td>
<td>50248
</td>
<td>23.3%
</td>
<td>32089
</td>
<td>14.9%
</td>
<td>115323
</td>
<td>53.4%
</td>
<td>18267
</td>
<td>8.5%
</td>
<td>43020
</td>
<td>19.9%
</td>
<td>32280
</td>
<td>14.9%
</td>
<td>135911
</td>
<td>62.9%
</td>
<td>4716
</td>
<td>2.2%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Drahichyn" title="Drahichyn">Drahichyn</a>
</td>
<td>97040
</td>
<td>6844
</td>
<td>7.1%
</td>
<td>6947
</td>
<td>7.2%
</td>
<td>81557
</td>
<td>84.0%
</td>
<td>1692
</td>
<td>1.7%
</td>
<td>5699
</td>
<td>5.9%
</td>
<td>6981
</td>
<td>7.2%
</td>
<td>83147
</td>
<td>85.7%
</td>
<td>1213
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kamin-Kashyrskyi" title="Kamin-Kashyrskyi">Kamin-Kashyrskyi</a>
</td>
<td>94988
</td>
<td>6692
</td>
<td>7.0%
</td>
<td>4014
</td>
<td>4.2%
</td>
<td>75699
</td>
<td>79.7%
</td>
<td>8583
</td>
<td>9.0%
</td>
<td>6026
</td>
<td>6.3%
</td>
<td>4037
</td>
<td>4.3%
</td>
<td>83113
</td>
<td>87.5%
</td>
<td>1812
</td>
<td>1.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kobryn" title="Kobryn">Kobryn</a>
</td>
<td>113972
</td>
<td>10040
</td>
<td>8.8%
</td>
<td>10489
</td>
<td>9.2%
</td>
<td>71435
</td>
<td>62.7%
</td>
<td>22008
</td>
<td>19.3%
</td>
<td>8973
</td>
<td>7.9%
</td>
<td>10527
</td>
<td>9.2%
</td>
<td>93426
</td>
<td>82.0%
</td>
<td>1046
</td>
<td>0.9%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kosava%2C_Belarus" title="Kosava, Belarus">Kosava</a>
</td>
<td>83696
</td>
<td>8456
</td>
<td>10.1%
</td>
<td>6300
</td>
<td>7.5%
</td>
<td>68769
</td>
<td>82.2%
</td>
<td>171
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>7810
</td>
<td>9.3%
</td>
<td>6333
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>68941
</td>
<td>82.4%
</td>
<td>612
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Luninyets" title="Luninyets">Luninyets</a>
</td>
<td>108663
</td>
<td>16535
</td>
<td>15.2%
</td>
<td>7811
</td>
<td>7.2%
</td>
<td>83769
</td>
<td>77.1%
</td>
<td>548
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td>
<td>13754
</td>
<td>12.7%
</td>
<td>8072
</td>
<td>7.4%
</td>
<td>85728
</td>
<td>78.9%
</td>
<td>1109
</td>
<td>1.0%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>
</td>
<td>184305
</td>
<td>29077
</td>
<td>15.8%
</td>
<td>25088
</td>
<td>13.6%
</td>
<td>128787
</td>
<td>69.9%
</td>
<td>1353
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td>
<td>16465
</td>
<td>8.9%
</td>
<td>25385
</td>
<td>13.8%
</td>
<td>140022
</td>
<td>76.0%
</td>
<td>2433
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pruzhany" title="Pruzhany">Pruzhany</a>
</td>
<td>108583
</td>
<td>17762
</td>
<td>16.4%
</td>
<td>9419
</td>
<td>8.7%
</td>
<td>81032
</td>
<td>74.6%
</td>
<td>370
</td>
<td>0.3%
</td>
<td>16311
</td>
<td>15.0%
</td>
<td>9463
</td>
<td>8.7%
</td>
<td>82015
</td>
<td>75.5%
</td>
<td>794
</td>
<td>0.7%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Stolin" title="Stolin">Stolin</a>
</td>
<td>124765
</td>
<td>18452
</td>
<td>14.8%
</td>
<td>10809
</td>
<td>8.7%
</td>
<td>92253
</td>
<td>73.9%
</td>
<td>3251
</td>
<td>2.6%
</td>
<td>6893
</td>
<td>5.5%
</td>
<td>10910
</td>
<td>8.7%
</td>
<td>105280
</td>
<td>84.4%
</td>
<td>1682
</td>
<td>1.3%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>
</td>
<td>213105
</td>
<td>101089
</td>
<td>47.4%
</td>
<td>35354
</td>
<td>16.6%
</td>
<td>69832
</td>
<td>32.8%
</td>
<td>6830
</td>
<td>3.2%
</td>
<td>89122
</td>
<td>41.8%
</td>
<td>35693
</td>
<td>16.7%
</td>
<td>87205
</td>
<td>40.9%
</td>
<td>1085
</td>
<td>0.5%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Vawkavysk" title="Vawkavysk">Volkovysk</a>
</td>
<td>171327
</td>
<td>83111
</td>
<td>48.5%
</td>
<td>13082
</td>
<td>7.6%
</td>
<td>74823
</td>
<td>43.7%
</td>
<td>311
</td>
<td>0.2%
</td>
<td>76373
</td>
<td>44.6%
</td>
<td>13283
</td>
<td>7.8%
</td>
<td>80621
</td>
<td>47.1%
</td>
<td>1050
</td>
<td>0.6%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>North-East Poland
</th>
<th>3849457
</th>
<th>1663888
</th>
<th>43.2%
</th>
<th>347255
</th>
<th>9.0%
</th>
<th>1696567
</th>
<th>44.1%
</th>
<th>141747
</th>
<th>3.7%
</th>
<th>1512478
</th>
<th>39.3%
</th>
<th>356632
</th>
<th>9.3%
</th>
<th>1915317
</th>
<th>49.7%
</th>
<th>65030
</th>
<th>1.7%
</th></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities_and_towns">Largest cities and towns</h3></div>
<p>In 1931, according to the Polish National Census, the ten largest cities in Polish Eastern Borderlands were: <a href="Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a> (pop. 312,200), <a href="Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Wilno</a> (pop. 195,100), <a href="Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanisławów</a> (pop. 60,000), <a href="Hrodna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna">Grodno</a> (pop. 49,700), <a href="Brest%2C_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brześć nad Bugiem</a> (pop. 48,400), <a href="Boryslav" title="Boryslav">Borysław</a> (pop. 41,500), <a href="Rivne" title="Rivne">Równe</a> (pop. 40,600), <a href="Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Tarnopol</a> (pop. 35,600), <a href="Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Łuck</a> (pop. 35,600) and <a href="Kolomyia" title="Kolomyia">Kołomyja</a> (pop. 33,800).
</p><p>In addition, <a href="Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a> (pop. 43,200 in 1930) in inter-war <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> was also a major Polish community with 21% ethnic Polish inhabitants.
</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible">
<caption>Ethnolinguistic structure (mother tongue) of the population in 24 largest cities and towns in Kresy according to the censuses of 1931<sup id="cite_ref-:02_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1930<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>City
</th>
<th>Pop.
</th>
<th>Polish
</th>
<th>Yiddish & Hebrew
</th>
<th>German
</th>
<th>Ukrainian & Ruthenian
</th>
<th>Belarusian
</th>
<th>Russian
</th>
<th>Lithuanian
</th>
<th>Other
</th>
<th>Today part of:
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a>
</td>
<td>312,231
</td>
<td>63.5% (198,212)
</td>
<td>24.1% (75,316)
</td>
<td>0.8% (2,448)
</td>
<td>11.3% (35,137)
</td>
<td>0% (24)
</td>
<td>0.1% (462)
</td>
<td>0% (6)
</td>
<td>0.2% (626)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Wilno</a>
</td>
<td>195,071
</td>
<td>65.9% (128,628)
</td>
<td>28% (54,596)
</td>
<td>0.3% (561)
</td>
<td>0.1% (213)
</td>
<td>0.9% (1,737)
</td>
<td>3.8% (7,372)
</td>
<td>0.8% (1,579)
</td>
<td>0.2% (385)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Stanisławów</a>
</td>
<td>59,960
</td>
<td>43.7% (26,187)
</td>
<td>38.3% (22,944)
</td>
<td>2.2% (1,332)
</td>
<td>15.6% (9,357)
</td>
<td>0% (3)
</td>
<td>0.1% (50)
</td>
<td>0% (1)
</td>
<td>0.1% (86)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>
</td>
<td>49,669
</td>
<td>47.2% (23,458)
</td>
<td>42.1% (20,931)
</td>
<td>0.2% (99)
</td>
<td>0.2% (83)
</td>
<td>2.5% (1,261)
</td>
<td>7.5% (3,730)
</td>
<td>0% (22)
</td>
<td>0.2% (85)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Brest%2C_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brześć</a>
</td>
<td>48,385
</td>
<td>42.6% (20,595)
</td>
<td>44.1% (21,315)
</td>
<td>0% (24)
</td>
<td>0.8% (393)
</td>
<td>7.1% (3,434)
</td>
<td>5.3% (2,575)
</td>
<td>0% (1)
</td>
<td>0.1% (48)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>
</td>
<td>43,226
</td>
<td>20.8% (9,007)
</td>
<td>26.9% (11,636)
</td>
<td>-
</td>
<td>-
</td>
<td>2.3% (1,006)
</td>
<td>19.5% (8,425)
</td>
<td>-
</td>
<td>30.4% (13,152)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Boryslav" title="Boryslav">Borysław</a>
</td>
<td>41,496
</td>
<td>55.3% (22,967)
</td>
<td>25.4% (10,538)
</td>
<td>0.5% (209)
</td>
<td>18.5% (7,686)
</td>
<td>0% (4)
</td>
<td>0.1% (37)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0.1% (53)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Rivne" title="Rivne">Równe</a>
</td>
<td>40,612
</td>
<td>27.5% (11,173)
</td>
<td>55.5% (22,557)
</td>
<td>0.8% (327)
</td>
<td>7.9% (3,194)
</td>
<td>0.1% (58)
</td>
<td>6.9% (2,792)
</td>
<td>0% (4)
</td>
<td>1.2% (507)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ternopil" title="Ternopil">Tarnopol</a>
</td>
<td>35,644
</td>
<td>77.7% (27,712)
</td>
<td>14% (5,002)
</td>
<td>0% (14)
</td>
<td>8.1% (2,896)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0% (6)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0% (12)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Łuck</a>
</td>
<td>35,554
</td>
<td>31.9% (11,326)
</td>
<td>48.6% (17,267)
</td>
<td>2.3% (813)
</td>
<td>9.3% (3,305)
</td>
<td>0.1% (36)
</td>
<td>6.4% (2,284)
</td>
<td>0% (1)
</td>
<td>1.5% (522)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kolomyia" title="Kolomyia">Kołomyja</a>
</td>
<td>33,788
</td>
<td>65% (21,969)
</td>
<td>20.1% (6,798)
</td>
<td>3.6% (1,220)
</td>
<td>11.1% (3,742)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0% (6)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0.2% (51)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Drohobych" title="Drohobych">Drohobycz</a>
</td>
<td>32,261
</td>
<td>58.4% (18,840)
</td>
<td>24.8% (7,987)
</td>
<td>0.4% (120)
</td>
<td>16.3% (5,243)
</td>
<td>0% (13)
</td>
<td>0.1% (21)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0.1% (37)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pińsk</a>
</td>
<td>31,912
</td>
<td>23% (7,346)
</td>
<td>63.2% (20,181)
</td>
<td>0.1% (45)
</td>
<td>0.3% (82)
</td>
<td>4.3% (1,373)
</td>
<td>9% (2,866)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0.1% (17)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Stryi" title="Stryi">Stryj</a>
</td>
<td>30,491
</td>
<td>42.3% (12,897)
</td>
<td>31.4% (9,561)
</td>
<td>1.6% (501)
</td>
<td>24.6% (7,510)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0% (10)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0% (12)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kovel" title="Kovel">Kowel</a>
</td>
<td>27,677
</td>
<td>37.2% (10,295)
</td>
<td>46.2% (12,786)
</td>
<td>0.2% (50)
</td>
<td>9% (2,489)
</td>
<td>0.1% (27)
</td>
<td>7.1% (1,954)
</td>
<td>0% (1)
</td>
<td>0.3% (75)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Volodymyr-Volynskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr-Volynskyi">Włodzimierz</a>
</td>
<td>24,591
</td>
<td>39.1% (9,616)
</td>
<td>43.1% (10,611)
</td>
<td>0.6% (138)
</td>
<td>14% (3,446)
</td>
<td>0.1% (18)
</td>
<td>2.9% (724)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0.2% (38)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Baranavichy" title="Baranavichy">Baranowicze</a>
</td>
<td>22,818
</td>
<td>42.8% (9,758)
</td>
<td>41.3% (9,423)
</td>
<td>0.1% (25)
</td>
<td>0.2% (50)
</td>
<td>11.1% (2,537)
</td>
<td>4.4% (1,006)
</td>
<td>0% (1)
</td>
<td>0.1% (18)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Sambir" title="Sambir">Sambor</a>
</td>
<td>21,923
</td>
<td>61.9% (13,575)
</td>
<td>24.3% (5,325)
</td>
<td>0.1% (28)
</td>
<td>13.2% (2,902)
</td>
<td>0% (4)
</td>
<td>0% (4)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0.4% (85)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Kremenets" title="Kremenets">Krzemieniec</a>
</td>
<td>19,877
</td>
<td>15.6% (3,108)
</td>
<td>36.4% (7,245)
</td>
<td>0.1% (23)
</td>
<td>42.4% (8,430)
</td>
<td>0% (6)
</td>
<td>4.4% (883)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0.9% (180)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lida" title="Lida">Lida</a>
</td>
<td>19,326
</td>
<td>63.3% (12,239)
</td>
<td>32.6% (6,300)
</td>
<td>0% (5)
</td>
<td>0.1% (28)
</td>
<td>2.1% (414)
</td>
<td>1.7% (328)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0.1% (10)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Chortkiv" title="Chortkiv">Czortków</a>
</td>
<td>19,038
</td>
<td>55.2% (10,504)
</td>
<td>25.5% (4,860)
</td>
<td>0.1% (11)
</td>
<td>19.1% (3,633)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0.1% (17)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0.1% (13)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Brody" title="Brody">Brody</a>
</td>
<td>17,905
</td>
<td>44.9% (8,031)
</td>
<td>35% (6,266)
</td>
<td>0.2% (37)
</td>
<td>19.8% (3,548)
</td>
<td>0% (5)
</td>
<td>0.1% (9)
</td>
<td>0% (0)
</td>
<td>0.1% (9)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Slonim" title="Slonim">Słonim</a>
</td>
<td>16,251
</td>
<td>52% (8,452)
</td>
<td>41.1% (6,683)
</td>
<td>0.1% (9)
</td>
<td>0.3% (45)
</td>
<td>4% (656)
</td>
<td>2.3% (369)
</td>
<td>0% (2)
</td>
<td>0.2% (35)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Vawkavysk" title="Vawkavysk">Wołkowysk</a>
</td>
<td>15,027
</td>
<td>49.6% (7,448)
</td>
<td>38.8% (5,827)
</td>
<td>0% (7)
</td>
<td>0.1% (10)
</td>
<td>6.9% (1,038)
</td>
<td>4.6% (689)
</td>
<td>0% (3)
</td>
<td>0% (5)
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poles_east_of_the_Curzon_Line_after_expulsion">Poles east of the Curzon Line after expulsion</h2></div>
<p>Despite the expulsion of most ethnic Poles from the Soviet Union between 1944 and 1958, the Soviet census of 1959 still counted around 1.4 million ethnic Poles remaining in the USSR:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Republic of the USSR
</th>
<th>Ethnic Poles in <a href="Soviet_Census_(1959)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1959)">1959 census</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>
</td>
<td>538,881
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>
</td>
<td>363,297
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a>
</td>
<td>230,107
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a>
</td>
<td>59,774
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a>
</td>
<td>2,256
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">rest of the USSR</a>
</td>
<td>185,967
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>TOTAL
</th>
<th>1,380,282
</th></tr></tbody></table>
<p>According to a more recent census, there were about 295,000 Poles in Belarus in 2009 (3.1% of the Belarus population).<sup id="cite_ref-2009census2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2009census2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity_west_of_the_Curzon_Line_until_1939">Ethnicity west of the Curzon Line until 1939</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Zakerzonia" title="Zakerzonia">Zakerzonia</a></div>
<p>According to Piotr Eberhardt, in 1939, the population of all territories between the Oder-Neisse Line and the Curzon Line—all territories which formed post-1945 Poland—totalled 32,337,800 inhabitants, of whom the largest groups were ethnic Poles (approximately 67%), ethnic Germans (approximately 25%), and Jews (2,254,300 or 7%), with 657,500 (2%) Ukrainians, 140,900 Belarusians and 47,000 people of all other ethnic groups also in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Ukrainian population was forcibly resettled after World War II to Soviet Ukraine or scattered in the new Polish <a href="Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> of <a href="Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a>, <a href="Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a> and <a href="Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> in an ethnic cleansing by the Polish military in an operation called <a href="Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li>1893 <a href="Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>’s <a href="Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li>
<li>1914 India–China <a href="McMahon_Line" title="McMahon Line">McMahon Line</a></li>
<li>1947 India–Pakistan <a href="Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li>
<li><i><a href="I_Saw_Poland_Betrayed" title="I Saw Poland Betrayed">I Saw Poland Betrayed</a></i> by <a href="Arthur_Bliss_Lane" title="Arthur Bliss Lane">Arthur Bliss Lane</a></li>
<li><a href="Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Lewis Bernstein Namier</a></li>
<li><a href="Molotov_Line" title="Molotov Line">Molotov Line</a></li>
<li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a></li>
<li><a href="Spa_Conference_of_1920" title="Spa Conference of 1920">Spa Conference of 1920</a></li>
<li><a href="Territorial_changes_of_Poland_immediately_after_World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II">Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="Zakerzonia" title="Zakerzonia">Zakerzonia</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polish sources estimated, based on the percentage of votes for Polish parties in the 1923 Lithuanian parliamentary election, that the real number of ethnic Poles in <a href="Interwar_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar Lithuania">interwar Lithuania</a> in 1923 was 202,026.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes German and Czech, etc.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes Protestants, Old Believers, etc.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes Lithuanian and Ukrainian, etc.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes Old Believers, Protestants, etc.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Sarah_Meiklejohn_Terry_1983_121-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarah_Meiklejohn_Terry_1983_121_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}
/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Meiklejohn_Terry1983" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Meiklejohn Terry (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zOL_AwAAQBAJ&q=%22polish-soviet+boundary+since+1945%22&pg=PA121"><i>Poland's Place in Europe: General Sikorski and the Origin of the Oder-Neisse Line, 1939-1943</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 121. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781400857173</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2012" class="citation journal cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographiapolonica.pl/article/item/7563.html">"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background"</a>. <i>Geographia Polonica</i>. <b>85</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>21. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.2012.1.1">10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-leslie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leslie_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFR._F._Leslie,_Antony_Polonsky1983" class="citation book cs1">R. F. Leslie, Antony Polonsky (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&q=Pilsudski+coup+1919+lithuania&pg=PA135"><i>The History of Poland Since 1863</i></a>. <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-27501-9</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Laurence (2009). <i>World War Two Behind Closed Doors</i>, BBC Books, pp. 122, 220</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1945yalta.html">"Modern History Sourcebook: The Yalta Conference, Feb. 1945"</a>. <a href="Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-05</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hp1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hp1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHenryk_Zieliński1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Henryk_Zieli%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Zieliński">Henryk Zieliński</a> (1984). <a class="external text external" href="https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Historia_Polski_%28Henryk_Zieli%C5%84ski%29">"The collapse of foreign authority in the Polish territories"</a>. <i>Historia Polski 1914-1939</i> [<i>History of Poland 1918-1939</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: <a href="Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN">Polish Scientific Publishers PWN</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">84–</span>88. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>83-01-03866-7</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Curzon-Line">"Curzon Line | Definition, Facts, & Border | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-09</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZara_S._Steiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Zara S. Steiner (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ9JJIVmFpkC&q=curzon+line+ethnographic&pg=PA149"><i>The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-822114-2</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-anna2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anna2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_M._CiencialaWojciech_Materski2007" class="citation book cs1">Anna M. Cienciala; Wojciech Materski (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyimWfkx0-MC&pg=PA9"><i>Katyn: a crime without punishment</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>11. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-10851-4</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>. <q>It also happened to coincide with the eastern limits of pedominantly ethnic Polish territory.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAviel_Roshwald2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Aviel_Roshwald" title="Aviel Roshwald">Aviel Roshwald</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ef0wXYsJATwC&q=curzon+line+ethnographic&pg=PA162"><i>Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, 1914–1923</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-17893-8</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Marcus1983" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Marcus (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82ncGA4GuN4C&q=curzon+line+ethnographic&pg=PA15"><i>Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919–1939</i></a>. <a href="Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-279-3239-6</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Halperin1997" class="citation book cs1">Sandra Halperin (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inmirrorofthirdw00halp"><i>In the Mirror of the Third World: Capitalist Development in Modern Europe</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inmirrorofthirdw00halp/page/41">41</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8014-8290-8</bdi>. <q>curzon line ethnographic.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Krickus2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krickus2002_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Krickus2002" class="citation book cs1">Richard J. Krickus (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDOUZEEnHFUC&pg=PA23"><i>The Kaliningrad question</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 23. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7425-1705-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Boemeke-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boemeke_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFManfred_Franz_BoemekeManfred_F._BoemekeGerald_D._FeldmanElisabeth_Gläser1998" class="citation book cs1">Manfred Franz Boemeke; Manfred F. Boemeke; Gerald D. Feldman; Elisabeth Gläser (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqj-oHp4KsgC&pg=PA331"><i>The Treaty of Versailles: a reassessment after 75 years</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">331–</span>333. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-62132-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mayer2001-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayer2001_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArno_J._Mayer2001" class="citation book cs1">Arno J. Mayer (26 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gveBKGhmskAC&pg=PA300"><i>The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 300. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-691-09015-3</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-wand-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wand_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wand_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Stefan_Wandycz1962" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francehereastern0000wand_w3"><i>France and her eastern allies, 1919-1925: French-Czechoslovak-Polish relations from the Paris Peace Conference to Locarno</i></a></span>. U of Minnesota Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/francehereastern0000wand_w3/page/154">154</a>–156. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8166-5886-2</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SuyWellens1998-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SuyWellens1998_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEric_SuyKarel_Wellens1998" class="citation book cs1">Eric Suy; Karel Wellens (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv6CuZ-AcoYC&pg=PA111"><i>International law: theory and practice : essays in honour of Eric Suy</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">110–</span>111. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-411-0582-0</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_M._Cienciala" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Anna_M._Cienciala" title="Anna M. Cienciala">Anna M. Cienciala</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm">"Lecture Notes 11 - THE REBIRTH OF POLAND"</a>. University of Kansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-26</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-eh-carr-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eh-carr_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. H. Carr (1982). <i>The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923</i> (A history of Soviet Russia), volume 3 , p.260, Greek edition, ekdoseis Ypodomi</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Palij1995-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palij1995_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Palij1995" class="citation book cs1">Michael Palij (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2T9zYXqL56AC&pg=PA134"><i>The Ukrainian-Polish defensive alliance, 1919-1921: an aspect of the Ukrainian revolution</i></a>. CIUS Press. p. 134. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-895571-05-9</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ryan2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryan2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Butterfield_Ryan2004" class="citation book cs1">Henry Butterfield Ryan (19 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRGu4C1FgKsC&pg=PA75"><i>The vision of Anglo-America: the US-UK alliance and the emerging Cold War, 1943-1946</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-89284-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>. <q>A peace was finally concluded and a boundary, much less favourable to Russia than the Curzon Line, was determined at Riga in March 1921 and known as the Riga Line.</q></cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FryGoldstein2004-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FryGoldstein2004_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Graham_FryErik_GoldsteinRichard_Langhorne2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Graham Fry; Erik Goldstein; Richard Langhorne (30 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5ndamBABdIC&pg=PA203"><i>Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 203. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8264-7301-1</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tucker2010-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2010_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SWBkx0UlgMAC&pg=PA448"><i>Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 448. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-59884-429-0</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Dmowski: <i>La question polonaise</i>. Paris 1909, in French, translated from the Polish 1908 edition of <i>Niemcy, Rosja a sprawa polska</i> (<i>Germany, Russia and the Polish Question</i>, reprinted in 2010 by Nabu Press, U.S.A., <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-141-67057-4</bdi>).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Plokhy2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plokhy2010_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSerhii_Plokhy2010" class="citation book cs1">Serhii Plokhy (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wOKfjnXdAUC&pg=PT190"><i>Yalta: The Price of Peace</i></a>. Penguin. p. 190. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-670-02141-3</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of 12 January 1944; cited according to Alexandre Abramson (Alius): <i>Die Curzon-Line</i>, Europa Verlag, Zürich 1945, p. 45.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYohanan_Cohen1989" class="citation book cs1">Yohanan Cohen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aN96TB0RUB8C&q=curzon+line+12+million&pg=PA63"><i>Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 63. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7914-0018-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Churchill1986-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Churchill1986_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWinston_Churchill1986" class="citation book cs1">Winston Churchill (11 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_6cljKX0uUC&pg=PA568"><i>Triumph and Tragedy</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 568. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-395-41060-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Erickson1999-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson1999_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Erickson1999" class="citation book cs1">John Erickson (10 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UaU6ZLqK4UC&pg=PA407"><i>The road to Berlin</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 407. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-07813-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cienciala-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cienciala_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna M. Cienciala. "The foreign policy of Józef Piłsudski and Józef Beck 1926-1939: Misconceptions and interpretations". <i>The Polish Review</i>. Vol. LVI, Nos 1-2. 2011. p. 112.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wnuk-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wnuk_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafal Wnuk. "The Polish underground under Soviet occupation, 1939-1941". <i>Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928-1953</i>. <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2014. p. 95.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski (2003). <i>Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth Century Eastern Europe: History, Data and Analysis</i>. Routledge. p. 29.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKühne2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kühne, Jörg-Detlef (2007). <i>Die Veränderungsmöglichkeiten der Oder-Neiße-Linie nach 1945</i> (in German) (2nd ed.). Baden-Baden: Nomos. see footnote no. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-8329-3124-7</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alexander, Manfred (2008). <i>Kleine Geschichte Polens</i> (in German) (2nd enlarged ed.). Stuttgart: Reclam. p. 321. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-15-017060-1</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2006" class="citation book cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626151411/http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf"><i>Political Migrations in Poland 1939-1948</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw: Didactica. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781536110357</bdi>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igipz.pan.pl/en/zpz/Political_migrations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-06-26.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2011" class="citation book cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/15652/WA51_13607_r2011-nr12_Monografie.pdf"><i>Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939-1950)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-83-61590-46-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://konsnard.wordpress.com/2011/06/16/liczba-i-rozmieszczenie-ludnosci-polskiej-na-czesci-kresow-obecnie-w-granicach-ukrainy/">"Liczba i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na części Kresów obecnie w granicach Ukrainy"</a>. <i>Konsnard</i>. 2011.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2003" class="citation book cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2003). <i>Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis</i>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 241, Table 4.45. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780765606655</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:02-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_census_of_1931">"Polish census of 1931"</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://konsnard.wordpress.com/2011/06/15/liczba-i-rozmieszczenie-ludnosci-polskiej-na-obszarach-obecnej-litwy/">"Liczba i rozmieszczenie ludności polskiej na obszarach obecnej Litwy"</a>. <i>Konsnard</i>. 2011.</cite></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>
<ul><li>Borsody, Stephen. 1993. <i>The New Central Europe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501074254/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/newce/13newce.htm">Chapter 10: "Europe's Coming Partition"</a>. New York: Boulder. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88033-263-8</bdi>.</li>
<li>Byrnes, James F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/james_f_byrnes_speaking_frankly-en-b382d69f-63b0-40a6-a12e-d127198030ab.html"><i>Speaking Frankly</i></a>. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1947, pp. 25–32. From the memoirs of <a href="James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>, on the Yalta Conference.</li>
<li>Churchill, Winston S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/winston_s_churchill_closing_the_ring-en-dd0fb1f7-e936-4f55-963a-1432e53fd1d4.html"><i>Closing the Ring</i></a>. 2nd ed. <i><a href="The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a></i> Volume 5. London: The Reprint Society Ltd, 1954, pp. 283–285; 314-317. From the memoirs of Winston Churchill.</li>
<li>Churchill, Winston S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/winston_s_churchill_triumph_and_tragedy-en-f6ef178a-47ea-4c8d-a476-0bddb9586b59.html"><i>Triumph and Tragedy</i></a>. 2nd ed. <i><a href="The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a></i> Volume 6. London: The Reprint Society Ltd, 1956, pp. 288–292. From the memoirs of Winston Churchill, on the Yalta Conference.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvce.eu/obj/report_on_the_crimea_conference_yalta_11_february_1945-en-d0503236-c181-4b84-b8ae-d233645365ac.html">Crimea Conference, in Parliamentary Debates</a>. 1944–45, No. 408; fifth series, pp. 1274–1284. Winston Churchill's statement to the <a href="House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>, 27 February 1945, describing the outcome of the Yalta Conference.</li>
<li>Nabrdalik, Bart. April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060419045046/http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/79/Hidden_Europe_Bieszczady_Poland.html">"Hidden Europe-Bieszczady, Poland"</a>. <i>Escape from America Magazine</i>. Vol. 8, Issue 3.</li>
<li>Rogowska, Anna. Stępień, Stanisław. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n20texts/pol/rog-st-pol.htm">"Polish-Ukrainian Border in the Last Half of the Century"</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span>. (The Curzon Line from the historical perspective.)</li>
<li>Wróbel, Piotr. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/wrobel1.htm">"The devil's playground: Poland in World War II"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064210/http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/wrobel1.htm">Archived</a> 2018-07-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Wanda Muszynski lecture in Polish studies. Montreal, Quebec: Canadian Foundation for Polish Studies of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBohdan1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bohdan, Kordan (1997). "Making Borders Stick: Population Transfer and Resettlement in the Trans-Curzon Territories, 1944–1949". <i>International Migration Review</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">704–</span>720. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2547293">10.2307/2547293</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2547293">2547293</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12292959">12292959</a>.</cite></li>
<li>Rusin, B., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102914/http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/fulltxt.php?ICID=1127276">"Lewis Namier, the Curzon Line, and the shaping of Poland's eastern frontier after World War I"</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/index-e.html">Slavic Research Center</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a href="Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus–Poland border">Belarus</a> (<a href="Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis" title="Belarus–European Union border crisis">2021–present border crisis</a>, <a href="Poland%E2%80%93Belarus_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland–Belarus barrier">Barrier</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Czech Republic–Poland border">Czech Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="Germany%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Germany–Poland border">Germany</a>
<ul><li><a href="Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Lithuania%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Lithuania–Poland border">Lithuania</a></li>
<li><a href="Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="Poland%E2%80%93Slovakia_border" title="Poland–Slovakia border">Slovakia</a></li>
<li><a href="Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Poland–Ukraine border">Ukraine</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li>historical:</li>
<li><a href="Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland–Turkey border">Ottoman Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="Romanian_Bridgehead" title="Romanian Bridgehead">Romania</a></li></ul>
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